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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people who suffer from ADHD are prescribed medication for the condition. It can improve symptoms but it can also trigger side effects. If you experience adverse effects, speak to your GP about them. Stimulants are among the most popular type of prescription medication healthcare providers prescribe for ADHD. These drugs increase the amount of brain chemicals, also known as neurotransmitters, which control the behavior and attention. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a first-choice stimulant used to treat ADHD in adults and children. It works by enhancing the activity in brain regions that regulate behavior and attention. Methylphenidate is also used to treat other ailments such as narcolepsy. It can help people with narcolepsy to stay awake and improve their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication has a very high potential for abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. It is recommended to take this medication exactly as prescribed to lower the risk of abuse and side negative effects. Methylphenidate may cause psychotic symptoms in certain people. It can also exacerbate behavior problems and tics in those with bipolar disorder or Tourette's syndrome. Patients with these conditions should inform their doctor prior to starting this medication. It is essential to inform your doctor if there are any other health concerns or are allergic to any food or dyes (such as tartrazine, a yellow dye found in some processed foods and some medications and Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate can interact with certain drugs, such as opioids, antidepressants and monoamine oxide inhibitors. This includes isocarboxazid linezolid, methylene blue rasagiline, Emsam, Zelapar, or the tranylcypromine. Avoid drinking alcohol or other stimulants when taking methylphenidate. These can have a dangerous effect on your blood pressure and heart rate. The immediate-release methylphenidate tablets (Ritalin) and the long-acting chewable tablet and the long-acting oral disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain phenylalanine, which can be dangerous if you suffer from a genetic disorder known as Phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion, an antidepressant drug, works in the brain and improves mood. It also reduces symptoms of ADHD. It can also be used to treat depression and seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a type of depression that manifests in the fall and winter months. It is also used to aid people in quitting smoking by reducing the craving for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. Several studies of adults have revealed that bupropion helps improve ADHD symptoms in comparison to placebo. The fixed-effect RR pooled for improvement in week 6 (using a clinically significant change of 30 percent or more on the CGI scale) is 1.14 (95 percent CI 0.95 to 1.37) and overall response the corresponding percentage of improved subjects was 52 percent in the bupropion group, compared with 37 percent in the placebo group. Bupropion can have serious and sometimes life-threatening interactions with several different medications, including sedatives antidepressants, and some blood pressure medications. It can also increase the risk of having seizures for those with seizures or high blood pressure. It is also contraindicated for use by people with certain medical conditions. It should not be used by women who are nursing or pregnant. Bupropion is a form of brand-name drugs Wellbutrin SR and Wellbutrin XL. It is also available in the form of Zyban, Budeprion SR. Aplenzin and Forfivo XL. It is also available as a generic drug. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants, also known as TCAs are a type of drugs that function by affecting brain chemical. They were one of the earliest antidepressants developed, and although they are no longer the first-line treatment for depression, they are still effective for some patients suffering from other conditions. They work by preventing the reuptakes of dopamine as well as serotonin, increasing their levels of availability in neurons. They can also be employed to treat a range of other disorders such as pain syndromes, enuresis like fibromyalgia, and the phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs are a prescription drug that can be used alone or in conjunction with stimulants, and they can have a positive effect on symptoms of ADHD. They can reduce the severity of ADHD symptoms and decrease depression, anxiety, and impulsivity. Additionally, they can help manage the tics, which are repetitive uncontrollable movements or sounds, such as throat clearing or blinking. TCAs can cause side effects, including dry mouth, sedation and constipation, and may increase the risk of heart issues. These drugs can negatively interact with other medications such as anticholinergics and should never be taken by pregnant women. They can also cause teratogenic reactions in animals and they can cross the placenta. If you have any concerns consult your physician because there are newer antidepressants with a safer adverse-effect profile. Selective serotonin Reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) The SSRIs are an antidepressant class of medications that inhibit serotonin reuptake by neurons and increase the amount of serotonin that is available for signaling. They also decrease anxiety and impulsive behavior. They are utilized to treat adhd because they can help some sufferers with their symptoms and can work in conjunction with other drugs. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline-paroxetine and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics and have a low clearance from the body, however they are extensively metabolized in the liver by CYP450 isoenzymes. This results in variable blood levels. These medications can also be prescribed to treat other disorders like posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and generalized anxiety disorder and bulimia nervosa. The SSRIs fluoxetine and escitalopram and sertraline can help reduce PTSD primary symptoms. They aren't effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. The SSRIs can cause an uncommon side effect of sexual dysfunction. It is essential to discuss this with your doctor if are thinking of taking one of these medications. It is typical for people to have to test several different kinds of ADHD medications before they find the one that works best for them. Research and development of new medication is ongoing. It is important to inform all medications you take to your physician. Selective norepinephrine Reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) When stimulant drugs do not help adults suffering from ADHD doctors recommend an inhibitor of selective norepinephrine reuptake (SNRI). These medications boost the levels of two brain chemicals known as norepinephrine and serotonin. They also improve mood, reduce anxiety and depression. SNRIs are similar to TCAs, but they are more secure and have fewer adverse effects. They are utilized for many ailments, including anxiety disorders, chronic pain like fibromyalgia, and nerve pain. They can also be used as an add-on treatment for depression. Examples of SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine (Effexor). These drugs block the reabsorption of norepinephrine into the brain which is a normal process after neurotransmission. This results in a higher than normal phasic release. The increase in norepinephrine helps improve concentration and mood. Although adhd medication for adults uk endorsed by the FDA to treat ADHD However, some doctors are using them as an alternative to stimulants. They are usually taken orally in the form of pills, but they can be taken in the form of patches or liquids. The FDA approved an oral SNRI known as viloxazine or Qelbree to treat ADHD among children and adolescents in April 2021. It is not a controlled drug because it does not have the potential of being misused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that affect the levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. They are used to treat depression and anxiety disorders, but can also help control symptoms of ADHD. A number of studies have proven that SNRI drugs, such as duloxetine and venlafaxine, can significantly lower the scores of different ADHD questionnaires. However, SNRIs can increase a person's blood pressure and may interact with certain drugs. Therefore, it's important to consult with a physician prior to taking these medications. Moreover, inappropriately discarded medication can cause harm to animals and humans, so it is important to follow proper disposal instructions. SSRIs or SNRIs haven't been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD However, doctors may prescribe them off-label. They are safe, effective and have fewer adverse effects than stimulants. Speak to your doctor and discuss your child's symptoms. SNRIs aren't appropriate for everyone. For example women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not use SNRIs, because they can be absorbed into breast milk. They should also not be taken by those who suffer from high blood pressure, liver problems or any other cardiovascular problems. Selective dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people with ADHD find medication helps them improve their focus and concentration. Some people may also notice a reduction in their impulsive behavior. The medication is usually combined with behavioral therapy and training to help individuals learn how to manage their symptoms. Finding the appropriate medication for each person requires time. During this process, doctors monitor physical reactions to find the ideal balance between benefits and side effects. Drugs that stimulate the brain, like methylphenidate boost the activity of a specific brain chemicals that regulate memory and concentration. While they are generally effective and safe for the majority of people, they can cause serious side effects like reduced appetite and trouble sleeping. These side effects usually go away within several weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Non-stimulant medications are also available for children and adults. They can take longer to take effect but they can enhance the ability to control impulses and concentration. These include alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine and viloxazine), as well as Guanfacine. Antidepressants are also effective in treating ADHD. They can increase the neurotransmitter neopinephrine levels in the brain, and aid in the impulsive behavior and depression. Bupropion is an example an antidepressant employed to treat ADHD. It was initially prescribed “off-label” for ADHD however, drug makers eventually came up with extended-release versions, and the FDA approved it as a treatment option for this condition.